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Oil Hotspots are locations that have been adversely affected by the products of a massive oil spill, resulting in acute damage to the flora and fauna of the area. Today's global economy requires a huge amount of energy, the main one being oil, and ecology is often relegated to the back burner. The current volume of hydrocarbons produced and the capacity of refineries that process them bring environmental issues to the forefront. In the process of development of oil fields, the most active impact on the natural environment is carried out within the territories of the fields themselves, the routes of linear facilities (primarily trunk pipelines), in the nearest settlements. At the same time, there is a disturbance of vegetation, soil and snow cover, surface runoff, and microrelief of the territory. Such disturbances lead to shifts in the thermal and moisture regimes of the ground strata and to a significant change in its overall condition, which leads to irreversible consequences. Oil extraction also leads to changes in the deep horizons of the geological environment. Environmental pollution is particularly acute in oil production and refining areas due to the effects of oil spills
The negative impact on the environment is primarily due to mistakes that are made during oil extraction and the lack of proper control over the production process. When drilling wells, laying pipelines, and burning fuel oil, as a result of accidents in oil spill sites, some of the oil comes to the surface and spills. The greatest harm oil causes when it gets into the ocean. Installing and operating an exploration platform and moving the platform to another location in the first place creates a potential emergency risk due to the effects of oil spills. Environmentalists estimate that the largest oil spills occur off the coasts of America and Europe. They join in the North Atlantic and thus form almost continuous strips between the two continents. Such a membrane impedes gas exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean and prevents sunlight from penetrating the water column. The main negative impact is on phytoplankton, eggs, fry, and larvae of various sea creatures - fish, shrimps, mollusks, etc. Of course, such hotspots of oil spills affect all levels of biocenosis trophic chains. Due to recent oil spills, there has been a general decline in ocean productivity, making less food available for large predators, including many species of sharks. Plankton-feeding giants and whale sharks are no less affected. In addition, everyone knows that a huge amount of exhaust gases from cars is emitted into the atmosphere, and they are a product of the processing of gasoline, which, in turn, is derived from oil. Add to all of this the clearing of the area for the installation of drilling equipment: hectares of forest are cut down, which changes the ecosystem dramatically. The site is filled with "trash": construction materials, waste, waste products, and machinery, which also hurts the environment. At the same time, pumping oil from the subsoil leads to the displacement of soil layers. The product that goes to processing plants changes: it is used to make different products. When burned, they release harmful chemical compounds. To prevent possible problems, it is necessary not only to reduce oil production but also to improve refining technology.
Professional enterprises must comply with certain principles of operation that will help reduce the negative consequences of an oil spill. The main ones are: ● Oil production is allowed only if the accompanying natural gas is used in the national economy; ● Hydrodynamic, field, and geophysical studies, and measurements are mandatory; ● The wellhead must be equipped in such a way as to prevent the ejection and flow of oil and gas; ● Further development of wells with defects (depressurization, violation of flange connections, etc.) is prohibited; ● With intensive oil production it is necessary to constantly monitor the permissible pressure drop at the cofferdam; ● Environmental protection measures should be preventive in many respects, aimed at the prevention of water (surface and underground) and air pollution. For this purpose, it is required to dispose of field water by injection into absorbing strata. Virtually all of the potentially disastrous impacts of an oil spill on environmental elements will be reversible. Even in the case of shoreline contamination, full recovery is possible. However, significant financial costs and long-term activities will be required to find a solution for oil spills.